As is often the case, while searching for something else I ran across an insightful article on extradition from ThoughtCo. Since this is a topic I’ve researched in the past, I’m offering below some of the essential Spanish terms and concepts concerning extradition (in general, and between EU countries) with possible English translations.

• tratado de extradición–extradition treaty
• Convenio relativo a la extradición entre los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea–Convention relating to Extradition between the Member States of the European Union
• petición de extradición–extradition request
• Decisión marco relativa a la orden de detención europea—Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant
• orden europea de detención y entrega (“euroorden”)—European arrest warrant (EAW)
• sujeto/personas extraditables–extraditable persons
• sujetos extraditados; personas extraditadas–extradited persons
• estado requirente–requesting state
• estado requerido–requested/extraditing/surrendering state
• extradición activa–request for extradition; import extradition (E&W); seeking the extradition of an alleged offender from another jurisdiction
• extradición pasiva–receipt of an extradition request; export extradition (E&W); extradition of an alleged offender to another jurisdiction
• extradición en tránsito–transit extradition
• extradición legal–extradition governed by domestic law
• extradición convencional–extradition governed by international treaty
• reextradición–reextradition
• principio de legalidad–legality principle (requirement that there be a treaty or law that allows extradition)
• principio de reciprocidad–reciprocity principle
• principio de la doble incriminación–dual criminality principle; rule of dual criminality (principle that allows a state to refuse to extradite if the alleged crime on which extradition is based does not constitute an offense in both the requesting and extraditing states)
• principio de especialidad–speciality principle; rule of speciality (principle that a person who has been extradited may only be prosecuted for the offense alleged in the extradition request)
• principio de la no entrega por delitos de carácter político y militar–principle of refusing to extradite for political or military offenses
• principio de la no entrega por delitos no perseguibles de oficio–principle of refusing to extradite for private crimes for which there is no mandatory prosecution in the extraditing state
• principio de la no entrega por delitos leves–principle of refusing to extradite for misdemeanors
• principio de non/ne bis in idem–rule against double jeopardy
• principio de no entrega de los nacionales–principle of refusing to extradite one’s own citizens for trial in a foreign country

Today I received a notice from my gestoría indicating that a new law (Real Decreto 902/2020, de 13 de octubre, de igualdad retributiva entre mujeres y hombres) will soon come into force, seeking to bridge Spain’s gender pay gap. Since I’m always on the lookout for new legal terminology, I’m sharing below some of the terms I jotted down as I read the text of the law in the BOE. I’ve included possible English translations. (There may be other appropriate renderings and readers may suggest additional terms).

• brecha salarial (wage/pay gap)
• brecha de género (gender gap)
• igualdad salarial (wage/pay parity)
• principio de igualdad retributiva (equal pay principle)
• igual retributiva/igualdad de remuneración por trabajo de igual valor (equal pay for equal work)
• discriminación retributiva por razón de sexo (gender pay discrimination)
• transparencia retributiva (pay transparency)
• auditoría retributiva (salary review)
• retribuciones/percepciones extrasalariales (non-salary compensation; “perks;” perquisites; fringe benefits)

As everyone is quite aware, here in Madrid and the world over, our daily routines have been interrupted by the closing of our universities and subsequent confinement at home in an attempt to control Covid-19 expansion. And, I’ve been away from this blog for several weeks, learning a new program (Blackboard Collaborate) to be able to teach the remainder of my Legal English course at the Universidad Carlos III online. I’m happy to report that the first 18-hour session on Property Law went well.

Our Labor Law unit was cut short, and I’ll be having a make-up session with my students soon. But to get back to the blog, and in the event this may be of interest to translators or others working from home, I’m sharing here some of the main terms and concepts discussed in class, with Spanish translations.

Note: There may be several other possible translations for this vocabulary and, it goes without saying, there are often no any real equivalents for many legal terms.

employer (empleador)-employee (empleado)

employment contract/agreement (contrato laboral; contrato de empleo)

full-time/part-time contract (contrato a tiempo completo/a tiempo parcial)

self-employment (trabajo autónomo; trabajo por cuenta propia)

 

conditions of employment (condiciones laborales)

to hire (US)/to engage (UK)/to employ an employee (contratar a un empleado)

probation; probationary period (período de prueba)

probationary employee (empleado en período de prueba)

status employee (empleado que ha superado el período de prueba)

full-time employee (empleado/trabajador a tiempo completo)

part-time employee (empleado/trabajador a tiempo parcial)

seniority (antigüedad)

 

discharge/dismissal (despido)

to discharge/to dismiss/ “to fire” (US)/ “to sack” (UK) an employee (despedir a un empleado)

wrongful dismissal (despido improcedente)

reinstatement (readmisión de un empleado despedido)

 

vocational/occupational training (formación profesional)

on-the-job training; onsite training (formación en el lugar de trabajo)

offsite training (formación fuera del lugar de trabajo)

promotion (ascenso, subida de categoría laboral)

demotion (descenso; bajada de categoría laboral)

job mobility (movilidad laboral)

 

labor/trade union (sindicato)

union dues (cuota sindical)

fair share fee (canon de negociación—cuota que pagan los no afiliados al sindicato beneficiados por un convenio colectivo)

collective bargaining (negociación colectiva)

collective bargaining agreement/contract; labor agreement/contract (convenio colectivo)

no strike-no lockout clause (cláusula de paz social)

 

labor (US)/industrial (UK) dispute (conflicto laboral)

lockout (cierre patronal)

strike (huelga)

sit-in strike (ocupación de talleres; huelga de brazos caídos)

slowdown/go-slow strike ( huelga de bajo rendimiento; ralentización de producción; “operación tortuga”)

walk-out strike (abandono de talleres)

work-to-rule strike (huelga de celo)

sympathy strike (huelga de solidaridad)

wildcat strike (huelga salvaje)

strikebreaker; “scab” (US); “blackleg” (UK) (“rompehuelgas,” “esquirol”—Spain)

picketing; picket (piquete)

 

wages (salario)

salary (sueldo)

minimum wage (salario mínimo)

cost-of-living index—COL)

consumer price index (índice de precios al consumo—IPC)

hours of work (horas laborables)

work week (semana laboral)

work schedule (horario de trabajo)

flextime (horario flexible)

 

shift work (trabajo a turnos; turnicidad)

to work shifts; to do shift work (trabajar a turnos)

work shift (turno de trabajo)

day shift; night shift (turno de día; turno de noche)

shift differential; differential pay (plus de turnicidad; suplemento salarial por trabajo a turnos)

 

overtime (horas extras; horas extraordinarias)

overtime pay (horas extras remuneradas/retribuidas; horas extraordinarias remuneradas/retribuidas)

compensatory time (compensación [de horas extras] por tiempo equivalente de descanso retribuido)

 

day off (día libre)

vacation (US)/holiday (UK) pay; paid vacations (US)/holidays (UK) (vacaciones remuneradas/retribuidas)

backpay (salarios atrasados/devengados y no pagados)

 

leave (permiso; baja; excedencia)

personal leave (permiso por asuntos personales)

sick leave (baja por enfermedad)

maternity leave/paternity leave; parenting leave (baja por maternidad/paternidad)

family leave (permiso por asuntos familiares)

bereavement leave (permiso por defunción)

 

retirement fund (US)/scheme (UK) (fondo de pensiones)

retirement pension (pensión de jubilación)

unemployment benefits (prestación por desempleo)

workers’ compensation; workers’ comp (US); industrial injury compensation (UK) (prestación por accidente laboral)

occupational (US)/industrial (UK) accident (accidente laboral)

occupational (US)/industrial (UK) disease (enfermedad laboral/profesional)

occupational safety and health; safety and health in the workplace (seguridad y salud laboral; seguridad y salud en el trabajo)

job safety (seguridad en el trabajo) vs. job security (estabilidad laboral)

Yesterday we looked at the major branches of Spanish public law (Derecho público) in Spanish and English. To complete this terminology review, below are the main areas of law included in the private law category (Derecho privado), with possible English renderings:

Derecho civil–civil law

Derecho de la persona–law of persons

Derecho de obligaciones–law of obligations

Derecho de los contratos–contract law

Derecho de daños–law of torts; tort law

Derecho de familia–family law; domestic relations

Derecho matrimonial–matrimonial law

Derecho patrimonial–property law

Derecho inmobiliario–land law; law of real property; real estate law

Derecho registral–law of public registers

Derecho hipotecario; Derecho inmobiliario registral–law of land registration

Derecho notarial–notarial law; law of public notaries

Derecho de sucesiones–law of succession; inheritance law

Derecho mercantil–business law

Derecho de la propiedad intelectual; derechos de autor–copyright law; copyright

Derecho de la propiedad industrial (patentes, marcas, etc.)–industrial property law (patents, trademarks, etc.)

Derecho de marcas; Derecho marcario–trademark law

Derecho de patentes–patent law

Derecho societario; Derecho de sociedades–law of business organizations; corporate law; company law

Derecho bancario–banking law

Derecho del mercado de valores; Derecho bursátil–securities markets law

Derecho cambiario–law of negotiable instruments

Derecho de la competencia–competition law (EU); antitrust law (US)

Derecho de la competencia desleal–unfair competition law

Derecho de la publicidad–advertising law

Derecho contable–accounting law

Derecho concursal–insolvency law

Derechos de los seguros privados–insurance law

Derecho de la navegación–shipping law; maritime and aviation law

Derecho marítimo–maritime law; admiralty law

Derecho aeronáutico; Derecho aéreo–aviation law

Source: Léxico temático de terminología jurídica español-inglés

 

 

Spanish law is generally divided into two major branches (ramas de Derecho): Derecho público (public law) and Derecho privado (private law). Below are the principal disciplines included in Derecho público with possible English translations:

Derecho constitucional–constitutional law

Derecho eclesiástico del Estado–law of church-state relations

Derechos fundamentales–fundamental rights

Derecho económico; Derecho de la economía–economic law

Derecho administrativo–administrative law

Derecho parlamentario–parliamentary law

Derecho electoral–election law; electoral law

Derecho urbanístico–zoning law; urban planning

Derecho ambiental/medioambiental–environmental law

Derecho de los consumidores–consumer protection law

Derecho de aguas–water law

Derecho minero–mining law

Derecho de extranjería–immigration law

Derecho procesal–procedural law

Derecho procesal civil–civil procedure

Derecho procesal penal–criminal procedure

Derecho procesal laboral; Derecho procesal del trabajo–labor procedure

Derecho procesal contencioso administrativo–administrative procedure

Derecho penal–criminal law; penal law

Derecho penal del menor–juvenile justice

Derecho penitenciario–corrections law; prison law

Derecho del trabajo; Derecho laboral–labor law

Derecho individual del trabajo–employment law

Derecho de la Seguridad Social–social security law

Derecho financiero–finance law

Hacienda pública–public finance

Derecho presupuestario–budgetary law

Derecho tributario–tax law

(Tomorrow: Branches of Law in Spanish and English (2)–Private Law)

Source: Léxico temático de terminología jurídica español-inglés

Way back in December 2017, I published an entry on the (then in force) 2010 “Incoterms (in Spanish and English) and what they mean.” , with a detailed bilingual chart describing each one. In this post I’m reviewing the information provided at that time for the many new readers of this blog who may have missed it, including the new DPU (formerly DAT) term in the amended 2020 Incoterms. A graphic showing the updated terms is available in this Incoterms 2020-responsibility chart, courtesy of Air and Surface Logistics.

International Commercial Terms (“Incoterms”) are eleven internationally-acknowledged standard trade terms created by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)* to be used in sales contracts. They specify:

1) who (whether the seller or buyer) will be responsible for transportation costs, including insurance, taxes and duties

2) where the goods are to be picked up and delivered, and

3) who is responsible for the goods at each step of the transportation process and, particularly, when risk of damage to or loss of the goods passes from seller to buyer.

Below are the standard Incoterms in English and Spanish with a brief schematic explanation of each:

A) Incoterms for multimodal transportation:

EXW Ex Works (named place)–EXW En fábrica (lugar convenido)

Seller places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or at another named place (factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any vehicle, nor clear the goods for export, if applicable. Buyer is responsible for all subsequent risks, transportation costs, taxes and duties from that point forward.

FCA Free Carrier (named place)–FCA Libre transportista (lugar convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to the buyer’s carrier at a designated place. At this point risk passes to buyer, who is then responsible for transportation to the final destination of delivery.

CPT Carriage paid to (named place of destination)–CPT Transporte pagado hasta (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to a carrier designated by the seller at an agreed place. Seller contracts for and bears the cost of delivering the goods to the named place of destination.

CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)–CIP Transporte y seguros pagados hasta (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to a carrier designated by the seller at an agreed place. Seller not only contracts for and bears the cost of delivering the goods to the named place of destination, but must likewise take out minimum insurance coverage against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during transportation. Buyer may choose to contract additional insurance coverage.

DAP Delivered at Place (named place of destination)–DAP Entregado en un punto (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving carrier ready for unloading at the named place of destination. Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the designated place.

DAU (formerly: DAT) Delivered at Place Unloaded (named place of destination)–DAU Entregado y descargado (lugar de destino destino convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, they are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the designated port or place of destination. Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the port or place of destination.

DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)–DDP Entregado, derechos pagados (lugar de destino convenido

B) Incoterms specifically for sea and inland waterway transport

FAS Free Alongside Ship (named loading port)–FAS Franco/Libre al costado del buque (puerto de carga convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when they are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) designated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.

FOB Free on Board (named loading port)–FOB Franco/Libre a bordo (puerto de carga convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel designated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.

CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination)–CFR Coste y flete (puerto de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel and risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer once the goods are on board. Seller bears responsibility for contracting for and paying the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.

CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)–CIF Coste, seguro y flete (puerto de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel and risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer once the goods are on board. Seller not only bears responsibility for contracting for and paying the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, but must likewise take out minimum insurance coverage against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during carriage. Buyer may choose to contract additional insurance coverage.

One of my lawyer students of Legal English recently asked me how to translate hechos, whether they are “acts,” “facts,” “events” or something else. And of course I had to reply that it depends on the context (in legal translation, context is everything). Here are a few examples from Spanish law with (possible / approximate) English translations (there may be others):

Derecho registral

• hechos inscribibles (recordable events)

Derecho de daños

• responsabilidad por hechos propios (personal liability)
• responsabilidad por hechos ajenos (vicarious liability)

Derecho procesal

• hechos aducidos (facts alleged [in pleadings, etc.])
• hechos controvertidos (facts in issue; facts in dispute)
• hechos no controvertidos (undisputed/uncontested facts)
• hechos probados (proven facts; facts as found)
• hechos notorios (facts that are common knowledge)
• hechos notorios no necesitados de prueba (judicial facts; judicially-noticed facts)
• hechos nuevos o de nueva noticia (new or after-discovered evidence)

Derecho penal

• hecho típico (criminal offense; act/action/conduct defined as a criminal offense)
• hecho constitutivo de la infracción penal (conduct constituting a criminal offense)
• lugar de los hechos (crime scene)

Derecho tributario

• hecho imponible (taxable event)

Derecho de familia

• unión de hecho (nonmarital union; domestic partnership)
• pareja de hecho (nonmarital/unmarried couple)
• guarda de hecho (de facto guardianship)

Derecho de sociedades

• comunicación de hechos relevantes (notice/disclosure of material events)

Derecho contable

• hechos posteriores al cierre (events after the reporting period)

Source: Rebecca Jowers. Léxico temático de terminología jurídica español-inglés. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2015.

• 
• (Basic terms and concepts:)
• Competition Law (EU); Antitrust Law (US)→Derecho de la Competencia; Derecho de la Libre Competencia
• defense of competition→defensa de la competencia
• competition policy→política de la competencia
• competition rules→normas de competencia
• anticompetitive practices→prácticas anticompetitivas
• conduct in restraint of trade→prácticas restrictivas de la competencia
• concerted practices→prácticas concertadas
• acts of collusion→prácticas colusorias; conducta colusoria
• distortion of competition→falseamiento de la libre competencia
• abuse of dominant position→abuso de posición dominante
• cartels→cárteles
• foreclosure of competition→cierre del mercado a competidores potenciales
• barriers to entry→barreras a la entrada
• barriers to mobility; mobility barriers→barreras a la movilidad
• horizontal agreements→acuerdos horizontales
• vertical agreements→acuerdos verticales
• production or delivery quota agreements→acuerdos sobre cuotas de producción o entrega
• market-sharing agreements→acuerdos de reparto de mercado
• price-fixing agreements→acuerdos de fijación de precios
• exclusive collective markets→mercados colectivos exclusivos
• collective boycotting→boicoteo colectivo
• predatory pricing→imposición de precios predatorios
• dumping→venta a precios inferiores al coste de producción
• preemption of production/supply sources; preemption of essential facilities→acaparamiento de fuentes de producción/de aprovisionamiento
• tied sales→ventas vinculadas
• full-line forcing→imposición de la obligación de comprar una gama completa de productos
• resale price maintenance→imposición de precios de reventa
• refusal to deal/sell→negativa de suministro
• bid-rigging (in public tenders)→pujas amañadas (en concursos públicos)
• parallel imports, gray-market imports→importaciones paralelas

Source: Rebecca Jowers. Léxico temático de terminología jurídica español-inglés. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2015, pp. 935-938.

 

International Commercial Terms (“Incoterms”) are eleven internationally-acknowledged standard trade terms created by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)* to be used in sales contracts. They specify:

1) who (whether the seller or buyer) will be responsible for transportation costs, including insurance, taxes and duties

2) where the goods are to be picked up and delivered, and

3) who is responsible for the goods at each step of the transportation process and, particularly, when risk of damage to or loss of the goods pass from seller to buyer.

Below are the standard Incoterms in English and Spanish with a brief schematic explanation of each:

A) Incoterms for any mode of transportation:

EXW Ex Works (named place)–EXW En fábrica (lugar convenido)

Seller places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or at another named place (factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any vehicle, nor clear the goods for export, if applicable. Buyer is responsible for all subsequent risks, transportation costs, taxes and duties from that point forward.

FCA Free Carrier (named place)–FCA Libre transportista (lugar convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to the buyer’s carrier at a designated place. At this point risk passes to buyer, who is then responsible for transportation to the final destination of delivery.

CPT Carriage paid to (named place of destination)–CPT Transporte pagado hasta (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to a carrier designated by the seller at an agreed place. Seller contracts for and bears the cost of delivering the goods to the named place of destination.

CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)–CIP Transporte y seguros pagados hasta (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods to a carrier designated by the seller at an agreed place. Seller not only contracts for and bears the cost of delivering the goods to the named place of destination, but must likewise take out minimum insurance coverage against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during transportation. Buyer may choose to contract additional insurance coverage.

DAT Delivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destination)–DAT Entregado en terminal (puerto de destino convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, they are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the designated port or place of destination. Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the port or place of destination.

DAP Delivered at Place (named place of destination)–DAP Entregado en un punto (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving carrier ready for unloading at the named place of destination. Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the designated place.

DDP Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)–DDP Entregado, derechos pagados (lugar de destino convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport and ready for unloading at the named place of destination. Seller bears all costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination, including clearing the goods for export and import, paying the corresponding duties and carrying out all customs formalities.

B) Incoterms specifically for sea and inland waterway transportation

FAS Free Alongside Ship (named loading port)–FAS Franco/Libre al costado del buque (puerto de carga convenido)

Seller is deemed to have delivered the goods when they are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) designated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.

FOB Free on Board (named loading port)–FOB Franco/Libre a bordo (puerto de carga convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel designated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. Risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.

CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination)–CFR Coste y flete (puerto de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel and risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer once the goods are on board. Seller bears responsibility for contracting for and paying the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.

CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)–CIF Coste, seguro y flete (puerto de destino convenido)

Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel and risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to buyer once the goods are on board. Seller not only bears responsibility for contracting for and paying the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, but must likewise take out minimum insurance coverage against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during carriage. Buyer may choose to contract additional insurance coverage.

This ICC chart gives an informative Incoterms overview:

For a more detailed explanation of each Incoterm, see the ICC’s website: https://iccwbo.org/resources-for-business/incoterms-rules/incoterms-rules-2010/

In a previous post I looked at possible ways of translating “cybergrooming,” one of the criminal offenses that can be committed on the Internet. As an addition, here are some of the other terms and expressions related to what is generally known as “cybercrime” that I have collected in my readings to be included in my personal glossaries. (There may be other possible renderings. Also note that some of these terms may be written either as one word or two: i.e., “cybercrime” or “cyber crime.”)

• cybercrime; computer crime (ciberdelito; cibercriminalidad; criminalidad informática; delito informático/telemático; ciberdelincuencia; delincuencia informática)
• cybercriminal (ciberdelincuente; delincuente informático)
• cybersecurity (ciberseguridad; seguridad informática)
• cyberrisk (ciberriesgo; riesgo informático)
• cyberinsurance (ciberseguros)
• cyberattack (ciberataque; ataque informático; ataque digital; ataque cibernético)
• cybersabotaje (sabotaje informático)
• cyberterrorism (ciberterrorismo)
• cyberespionage; cyberspying (ciberespionaje)
• computer fraud (fraude informático; estafa informática)
• cybertheft (hurto informático)
• cyberextortion (ciberextorsión)
• cyberbulling (ciberacoso)
• child sexual grooming; sexual grooming of children (ciberacoso sexual a menores; ciberacoso sexual infantil)
• hacking (piratería informática; intrusismo informático; acceso no autorizado a sistemas informáticos)
• hacker (pirata informático)
• cracking (violación de códigos de acceso)
• identity theft (usurpación de identidad)
• phishing (apoderamiento de datos de acceso)
• web spoofing (suplantación de página web)
• piggybacking (parasitismo informático)
• denial-of-service attack, DoS attack (ataque de denegación de servicio; ataque DoS)
• data leakage; information leakage (fuga de datos; divulgación no autorizado de datos reservados)
• data scavenging (apropiación de información residual)